Self-driving cars negotiating a junction will need to be able to read each other’s behaviour, for example. This will be critical in domains such as health and engineering. “Not being able to tell people what’s going on just doesn’t work in our societies.”Įven if a person or an AI can’t explain in words what they are doing, Littman says, their behaviour needs to be “legible” to others – enacting rules they understand. “The pendulum is swinging towards these kinds of methods,” says Michael Littman, a professor of computer science at Brown University in Rhode Island. “The NooK approach learns in a way that is much closer to human beings,” Muggleton said. It is a hybrid of rules-based and deep learning systems. Rather than learning by playing billions of rounds of a game, it first learns the game’s rules and then improves its play through practice. Instead, NooK represents a “white box” or “neurosymbolic” approach. “Most of what the general public have heard in recent years about machine learning is based on black box systems such as AlphaGo, which is unable to explain to human beings how decisions are being made,” said Muggleton. The game relies on communication between partners.Įxplainability is a hot topic in AI. “In bridge, you can’t play if you don’t explain,” she says. Jean-Baptiste Fantun, co-founder of NukkAI, said he had been confident the machine – which the company has been developing for five years – would triumph in thousands of deals, but with only 800 it was touch-and-go.Īnnouncing the results, the mathematician Cédric Villani, winner of the Fields medal in 2010, called NukkAI “a superb French success story”.ĪI researcher Véronique Ventos, NukkAI’s other co-founder, calls NooK a “new generation AI” because it explains its decisions as it goes along. The score was the difference between those of the human and the AI, averaged over each set. The AI – called NooK – played the same role as the human champion, with the same cards and the same opponents. These opponents were the best robot champions in the world to date – robots that have won many robot competitions but that are universally acknowledged to be nowhere near as good as expert human players. It did not involve the initial bidding component of the game during which players arrive at a contract that they must then meet by playing their cards.Įach champion played their own and their “dummy” partner’s cards against a pair of opponents. The NukkAI challenge required the human champions to play 800 consecutive deals divided into 80 sets of 10. “What we’ve seen represents a fundamentally important advance in the state of artificial intelligence systems,” said Stephen Muggleton, a professor of machine learning at Imperial College London.įrench startup NukkAI announced the news of its AI’s victory on Friday, at the end of a two-day tournament in Paris. In contrast, chess and Go – in both of which AIs have already beaten human champions – a player has a single opponent at a time and both are in possession of all the information.
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